watercostaccra

The goal of watercostaccra is to provide users with documentation on two surveys on household water costs, coping mechanisms as well as water point estimates conducted in October and November 2023 in Accra, Ghana. The data sets are associated with the following project report completed by Elizabeth Vicario for the “data science for openwashdata” course offered by openwashdata.org.

Installation

You can install the development version of watercostaccra from GitHub with:

# install.packages("devtools")
# devtools::install_github("openwashdata/watercostaccra")
install.packages("watercostaccra", repos = c('https://openwashdata.r-universe.dev', 'https://cloud.r-project.org'))

Alternatively, you can download the individual data sets as a CSV or XLSX file from the table below.

dataset	CSV	XLSX
households	Download CSV	Download XLSX
waterpoints	Download CSV	Download XLSX

Data

The package provides access to household water costs, coping mechanisms as well as water point estimates.

library(watercostaccra)

The households data set contains data about a household survey on water costs and coping strategies in Accra. It has 116 observations and 89 variables.

variable_name	variable_type	description
id	double	identification number
community	factor	the communities surveyed, options including `1` kg: Korle Gonno and `2` abuja: Abuja
housing_type	factor	housing type, options includin `1` block_unit: unit in a row of apartments made of cement blocks, `2` wood_unit: unit in a row of apartments made of wood, `3` house, `4` compound_house: single-story L- or C-shaped house with a multiple units around a shared courtyard, `5` multistory_apt: multi-story apartment building, `6` wood_shack: wooden shack, `7` no_structure, and `8` other
respondent_relationship_to_hh	factor	respondent’s relationship to the household head (respondent identified), options including `1` self, `2` child, `3` spouse, and `4` other_relative
gender	factor	gender (self-identified) of respondent, options including `1` female and `2` male
tenure	factor	tenure status, options including `1` rented: renter, `2` owned: homeowner, or `3` no_payment: living without payment)
years_in_community	integer	number of years respondent has lived in community
adult_count	double	number of adults in household including respondent. Household is described as those “eating from the same pot”
child_count	double	number of children under 18 in household. Household is described as those “eating from the same pot”
rooms_in_hh	double	number of rooms used for sleeping. Household is described as those “eating from the same pot”
business_ownership	factor	household or respondent owns a business, options including `1` respondent-owned and `2` household-owned
business_location	factor	location type of the business, options including `1` home_based, `2` outside_home: fixed location outside home, or `3` mobile: mobile location.
business_category	factor	type of business, options including `1` food, `2` shop, `3` salon, `4` vented_water, `5` tailoring, and `6` other_services.
business_water_use	logical	respondent’s business uses water beyond typical needs of household (true or false)
business_water_source	factor	primary source of water for business use (packaged water, piped to home, piped to neighbor’s home, piped to compound, commercial or public tap, borehole, dug well, spring water, delivered water)
primary_dw_source	factor	primary source of drinking water (packaged water, piped to home, piped to neighbor’s home, piped to compound, commercial or public tap, borehole, dug well, spring water, delivered water)
dw_reason_convenience	logical	respondent names convenience as a reason for using the drinking water source (true or false)
dw_reason_affordable	logical	respondent names affordability as a reason for using the drinking water source (true or false)
dw_reason_available	logical	respondent names availability as a reason for using the drinking water source (true or false)
dw_reason_cold	logical	respondent names temperature (cold water) as a reason for using the drinking water source (true or false)
dw_reason_clean	logical	respondent names cleanliness as a reason for using the drinking water source (true or false)
dw_reason_taste	logical	respondent names taste as a reason for using the drinking water source (true or false)
dw_reason_habit_or_cultural_norm	logical	respondent names habit or cultural norm as a reason for using the drinking water source (true or false)
dw_reason_trustworthy	logical	respondent names trustworthiness as a reason for using the drinking water source (true or false)
dw_reason_health	logical	respondent names health as a reason for using the drinking water source (true or false)
dw_reason_other	logical	respondent names another reason for using the drinking water source (true or false)
package_type_preference	factor	respondent typically purchases individual, options including `1`individual: sachets/packets/bottles, `2` bag: multipacks of these, or `3` both
package_size_reason_storage_space	logical	respondent names storage space in the home as a reason for purchasing the preferred package type (true or false)
package_size_reason_cost_effective	logical	respondent names cost effectiveness as a reason for purchasing the preferred package type (true or false)
package_size_reason_temperature	logical	respondent names temperature at the time of purchase as a reason for purchasing the preferred package type (true or false)
package_size_reason_available_money	logical	respondent names availability of money as a reason for purchasing the preferred package type (true or false)
package_size_reason_convenience	logical	respondent names convenience as a reason for purchasing the preferred package type (true or false)
package_size_reason_size	logical	respondent names the size needed for the respondent or household as a reason for purchasing the preferred package type (true or false)
package_size_reason_avoid_wasting_water	logical	respondent names avoiding wasting water by purchasing only when needed as a reason for purchasing the preferred package type (true or false)
dw_treatment	factor	treatment methods of water before drinking, options including `1`no_treatment, `2` boil, `3`boil;settle, `4` filter, and `5`settle
primary_water_source	factor	primary water source for non-drinking water, options including `1`packaged water, `2`piped_to_home, `3`piped to neighbor’s home, `4`piped to compound, `5`commercial or public tap, `6`borehole, `7`dug well, `8`spring water, and `9` delivered water)
primary_source_reason_proximity	logical	respondent names proximity to home as a reason for using the primary source of non-drinking water (true or false)
primary_source_reason_convenience	logical	respondent names convenience as a reason for using the primary source of non-drinking water (true or false)
primary_source_reason_affordable	logical	respondent names affordability as a reason for using the primary source of non-drinking water (true or false)
primary_source_reason_availability	logical	respondent names availability as a reason for using the primary source of non-drinking water (true or false)
primary_source_reason_cleanliness	logical	respondent names cleanliness as a reason for using the primary source of non-drinking water (true or false)
primary_source_reason_other	logical	respondent names another reason for using the primary source of non-drinking water (true or false)
other_non_dw_source_use	logical	respondent uses at least one source besides primary non-drinking water source (true or false)
other_non_dw_sources_packaged	logical	respondent uses packaged water as an additional source of non-drinking water (true or false)
other_non_dw_sources_piped_to_home	logical	respondent uses water piped to home as an additional source of non-drinking water (true or false)
other_non_dw_sources_piped_to_neighbor	logical	respondent uses water piped to a neighbor’s home as an additional source of non-drinking water (true or false)
other_non_dw_sources_commercial_tap	logical	respondent uses a commercial or public tap as an additional source of non-drinking water (true or false)
other_non_dw_sources_piped_to_compound	logical	respondent uses water piped to the compound as an additional source of non-drinking water (true or false)
other_non_dw_sources_borehole	logical	respondent uses a borehole as an additional source of non-drinking water (true or false)
other_non_dw_sources_dug_well	logical	respondent uses a dug well as an additional source of non-drinking water (true or false)
other_non_dw_sources_spring_water	logical	respondent uses spring water as an additional source of non-drinking water (true or false)
other_non_dw_sources_delivered_water	logical	respondent uses delivered water as an additional source of non-drinking water (true or false)
other_non_dw_sources_other	logical	respondent uses another source as an additional source of non-drinking water (true or false)
secondary_source_reason_availability	logical	respondent uses a secondary source of non-drinking water because the primary source is not available (true or false)
secondary_source_reason_unclean	logical	respondent uses a secondary source of non-drinking water because the primary source is not clean (true or false)
secondary_source_reason_crowding	logical	respondent uses a secondary source of non-drinking water because the primary source is crowded (true or false)
secondary_source_reason_shower	logical	respondent uses a secondary source of non-drinking water because shower stalls are available (true or false)
secondary_source_reason_convenient_location	logical	respondent uses a secondary source of non-drinking water because of its convenient location (true or false)
tap_payment_mode	factor	respondent’s mechanism for paying for piped water (all respondents use piped water as a primary or secondary source). Options include `1` pay_to_fetch: paying to fetch, `2` shares_bill: sharing or paying the whole bill, or `3` both (at different taps).
daily_hh_water_cost_for_pay_to_fetch	double	daily estimated cost of drinking water for respondent’s household
daily_hh_water_cost_phhm_for_pay_to_fetch	double	daily estimated cost of drinking water for respondent’s household per household member
past_struggle_to_find_water	logical	respondent has struggled to find water before (defined as extreme difficulty in accessing water) (true or false)
time_of_last_struggle_to_find_water	factor	respondent’s last time of struggle to find water, options including `1` last_3_days, `2` last_7_days, `3` last_30_days, `4` last_year, and `5` over_year_ago.
weekdays_struggle_to_find_water	double	days in a week the respondent typically struggles to find or pay for water
past_struggle_primary_reason	factor	primary reason for past struggles to find water, options including `1` availability: availability, `2` cost, and `3` distance: distance to nearest source.
tap_closure_knowledge_known	logical	respondent’s knowledge about tap closures: usually known (true or false)
tap_closure_knowledge_sometimes	logical	respondent’s knowledge about tap closures: sometimes known (true or false)
tap_closure_knowledge_expected_pattern	logical	respondent’s knowledge about tap closures: expected due to patterns in closures (true or false)
tap_closure_knowledge_unknown	logical	respondent’s knowledge about tap closures: not known (true or false)
tap_closure_knowledge_no_answer	logical	respondent’s knowledge about tap closures: no answer (true or false)
coping_mechanism_spend_more	logical	respondent copes with water shortage by spending more on the same amount of water (true or false)
coping_mechanism_purchase_more_to_store_at_home	logical	respondent copes with water shortage by purchasing extra water to store at home (true or false)
coping_mechanism_use_other_source	logical	respondent copes with water shortage by using another source (true or false)
coping_mechanism_sachet_to_cook	logical	respondent copes with water shortage by using packaged water for cooking (true or false)
coping_mechanism_skipped_cooking	logical	respondent copes with water shortage by skipping cooking (true or false)
coping_mechanism_sachet_to_bathe	logical	respondent copes with water shortage by using packaged water for bathing (true or false)
coping_mechanism_skipped_bathing	logical	respondent copes with water shortage by skipping bathing (true or false)
coping_mechanism_closed_business	logical	respondent copes with water shortage by closing the business (true or false)
coping_mechanism_skipped_laundry	logical	respondent copes with water shortage by skipping laundry (true or false)
water_storage_drinking_water	logical	respondent typically stores drinking water at home (true or false)
water_storage_non_drinking_water	logical	respondent typically stores non-drinking water at home (true or false)
water_storage_none	logical	respondent typically does not store water at home (true or false)
storage_containers_plastic_jug	logical	respondent stores non-drinking water in plastic jugs (jerry cans or Kufuor gallons) (true or false)
storage_containers_uncovered_barrels	logical	respondent stores non-drinking water in uncovered barrels (true or false)
storage_containers_covered_barrels	logical	respondent stores non-drinking water in covered barrels (true or false)
storage_containers_other_covered	logical	respondent stores non-drinking water in other covered containers (true or false)
storage_containers_other_uncovered	logical	respondent stores non-drinking water in other uncovered containers (true or false)
estimated_non_dw_storage_capacity	double	estimated capacity of storage for non-drinking water (liters)
estimated_stored_non_dw	double	estimated actual storage of non-drinking water (liters)

The waterpoints data set contains data about a water point survey conducted in Accra as well. It has 49 observations and 30 variables. For an overview of the variable names, see the following table.

variable_name	variable_type	description
id	integer	identification number
community	factor	the communities surveyed, options including `1` kg: Korle Gonno and `2` abuja: Abuja
type	factor	water point type,options including `1` piped_water, `2` borehole, `3` public_bath, and `4` natural_spring.
available_services	factor	services available at water point, options including (bathing, public sale of water, toilet, or comination of these)
location	factor	location of the water point, options including `1` within_a_compound or `2` on_the_street: outside compound adjacent to street.
year_established	integer	year established
year_established_unknown	logical	year of establishment is unknown to the respondent (TRUE, otherwise NA)
owner	factor	owner, options including `1` household_head, `2` household_member, `3` community_member: community member outside household, and `4` multiple_community_members: multiple community members outside household
owner_na	logical	owner question not applicable (TRUE, otherwise NA)
constructor	factor	type of constructor, options including `1` government or `2` community_member.
managers	factor	type of typical manager(s) of water point, options including household head or member(s), employee(s), self managed by customers, or combination of these)
estimated_storage_capacity_liters	double	estimated storage capacity in liters
average_visits_per_customer	double	average number of daily visits per customer
respondent_would_use_to_prepare_rice	logical	respondent would use this water to prepare rice, based on its quality (true or false)
perception_of_quality	factor	respondent’s perception of water quality, options including `1` acceptable, `2` high, and `3` low.
tap_closure_days_per_week	double	typical number of tap closures per week
price_25_liter_jug	double	current price of 25-liter jug of water (cedis)
price_20_liter_bucket	double	current price of 20-liter bucket of water (cedis)
price_30_liter_basin	double	current price of 30-liter basin of water (cedis)
avg_price_per_liter_cedis	double	average price per liter, calculated by averaging price per liter of known prices (cedis)
tap_closure_changes	factor	typical dynamics of water point management during closure (increasing prices, water point likely to close due to low storage, bathing customers have less water than when taps are flowing)
flexible_pricing	logical	manager adjusts price depending on amount of water needed or familiarity or need of customer (true or false)
price_increase	logical	price of any volume of water has increased in the last year (true or false)
CBT_sample_source	factor	source of sample for compartment bag test (CBT) supplied by Aquagenx (https://www.aquagenx.com/cbt-ectc/), options including `1` indirect_from_tap_(traveled_through_hose), `2` other_storage_(traveled_through_hose_or_poured_through_container), `3` storage_tank, and `4` tap.
coli_mpn	double	results of E. Coli most probable number (MPN) test per 100 mL sample
coli_mpn_ci	double	results of E. Coli most probable number (MPN) test per 100 mL sample - upper 95% confidence interval (CI)
coli_mpn_health_risk	factor	results of E. Coli most probable number (MPN) test per 100 mL sample - descriptive health risk, options including options including `1`safe, `2`possibly_safe, `3` possibly_unsafe and `4`unsafe.
tc_mpn	double	results of Total Coliforms (TC) most probable number (MPN) test per 100 mL sample
tc_mpn_ci	double	results of Total Coliforms (TC) most probable number (MPN) test per 100 mL sample - upper 95% confidence interval (CI)
tc_mpn_health_risk	factor	results of Total Coliforms (TC) most probable number (MPN) test per 100 mL sample - descriptive health risk, options including `1`safe, `2`possibly_safe, `3` possibly_unsafe and `4`unsafe.

Example

Here is an example illustrating health risks associated with the water samples collected in Accra.

library(watercostaccra)
library(ggplot2)
library(dplyr)
library(tidyr)

long_data <- waterpoints |> 
  pivot_longer(cols = c(coli_mpn_health_risk, tc_mpn_health_risk),
               names_to = "risk_type",
               values_to = "health_risk")

# Count occurrences of each health_risk category within each community and risk_type
count_data <- long_data |> 
  group_by(community, risk_type, health_risk) |> 
  summarise(count = n(), .groups = 'drop')

facet_labels <- c(
  coli_mpn_health_risk = "Coliform MPN health risk",
  tc_mpn_health_risk = "Total Coliform MPN health risk"
)

# Create the bar plot
ggplot(count_data, aes(x = community, y = count, fill = health_risk)) +
  geom_bar(stat = "identity", position = "dodge") +
  facet_wrap(~ risk_type, labeller = labeller(risk_type = facet_labels)) +
  labs(title = "Health risk assessment by community",
       x = "community",
       y = "count",
       fill = "health risk") +
  scale_fill_brewer(palette = "Dark2") +
  theme_minimal()

License

Data are available as CC-BY.

Citation

Please cite this package using:

citation("watercostaccra")
#> To cite package 'watercostaccra' in publications use:
#> 
#>   Vicario E, Götschmann M, Davidson B, Amankwaa E, Zhong M, Schöbitz L
#>   (2024). "watercostaccra: Household Water Costs and Coping Strategies,
#>   Accra 2023." doi:10.5281/zenodo.13981224
#>   <https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13981224>.
#>   <https://github.com/openwashdata/watercostaccra>.
#> 
#> A BibTeX entry for LaTeX users is
#> 
#>   @Misc{vicario_etall:2024,
#>     title = {watercostaccra: Household Water Costs and Coping Strategies, Accra 2023},
#>     author = {Elizabeth Vicario and Margaux Götschmann and Betty Avanu Davidson and Ebenezer F. Amankwaa and Mian Zhong and Lars Schöbitz},
#>     year = {2024},
#>     doi = {10.5281/zenodo.13981224},
#>     url = {https://github.com/openwashdata/watercostaccra},
#>     abstract = {A household survey on water costs and coping strategies (116 households) and a water point survey (49 water points, with E. coli and total coliform test results) were conducted in October and November 2023 in two low-income communities in metropolitan Accra, Ghana. These are Korle Gonno, a larger, well-planned coastal area with over 35 household water vendors, and Abuja, a small, densely packed, extralegal settlement with 15 water vendor and bathhouse businesses.},
#>     keywords = {open data,washdata,water costs,coping strategies,household survey,water points,water vendors,water quality,Accra,Ghana,accra,ghana,household-surveys,open-data,openwashdata,r,water-cost},
#>     version = {0.0.0.9000},
#>   }